# GLM-4.5 (355B)

> Agent-oriented instruction/reasoning hybrid that borrows DeepSeek's dense-prefix MoE layout.

| Property | Value |
| --- | --- |
| Lab | Z.ai (China) |
| Released | 2025-07-28 |
| Decoder type | Sparse MoE |
| Family | Sparse MoE |
| Scale | 355B total, 32B active (9% active) |
| Context window | 128,000 tokens |
| Attention | GQA with QK-Norm |
| Layer mix | 92 GQA |
| KV cache / token (bf16) | 368 KiB (Very high) |
| License | MIT License |

**Key detail:** Starts with three dense layers before MoE routing, keeps a shared expert, and uses MTP during training.

## Architecture concepts

- [QK-Norm (QK-Norm)](https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/concepts/qk-norm.md): RMSNorm applied to queries and keys before attention to keep logits well-behaved.
- [Grouped-Query Attention (GQA)](https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/concepts/gqa.md): Several query heads share one key/value head, shrinking the KV cache with little quality loss.
- [Mixture of Experts (MoE)](https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/concepts/moe.md): Many feed-forward experts, but a router sends each token to only a few of them.
- [Multi-Token Prediction (MTP)](https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/concepts/mtp.md): Extra heads learn to predict several future tokens, and can draft tokens at inference.

## Benchmark (Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index)

- AA Intelligence Index v4.3.2: total 12.8 (Scientific 6.5)

## Links

- Architecture diagram: https://sebastianraschka.com/llm-architecture-gallery/images/architectures/glm-4-5-355b.webp
- View in article: https://magazine.sebastianraschka.com/p/the-big-llm-architecture-comparison#%C2%A711-glm-45
- config.json: https://huggingface.co/zai-org/GLM-4.5/blob/main/config.json
- Tech report: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.06471
- Source card (source of truth): https://sebastianraschka.com/llm-architecture-gallery/#card-glm-4-5-355b
- Web page: https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/models/glm-4-5-355b/
- JSON: https://llm-atlas-7or.pages.dev/api/models/glm-4-5-355b.json

_Data from Sebastian Raschka's LLM Architecture Gallery (https://sebastianraschka.com/llm-architecture-gallery/). Synced 2026-11-04._